Invloed

DURING the action known as gravitation between large and smaller units of matter, it has been suggested that the behaviour of the smaller body might aptly be described as a submission to the larger one. It remains to suggest that the behaviour of the more massive object, in attracting to itself the smaller body, might be characterized as inducement. The forces of mutual attraction exerted by each object upon the other are, as we have seen, closely allied one with the other. The force exerted by the larger body, however, as by the earth itself during exercise of its gravitational influence, is superior in strength to the attractive force exerted by the smaller body, and consequently compels the smaller body's own force to move it towards the earth, or larger material body. This attraction exercised upon the smaller matter unit may be described as inducement since the stronger attractive 9 force progressively strengthens itself by compelling the weaker attractive force to obey its dictates, while all the time the stronger force remains in alliance with the weaker. Inducement, as a suggested principle of behaviour of inanimate objects, bears exactly the same relationship to submission, as a similar principle of mutual attraction between physical objects, that human or animal inducement bears to human or animal submission. Inducement in both cases may be thought of as exercising the initiative in that movement of the weaker allied body which actually results from the simultaneous, allied action of both stronger and weaker re-agents.

Inducement Emotion Requires Thalamic Motor Centres

Like compliance and submission, the inducement response probably cannot occur as a primary emotional response

in animal or human subjects except through the mediation of some motor centre integratively superior to the tonic

centres. Inducement reaction, like Compliance or submission responses failed to appear in the decerebrate animals studied by the physiologists. All environmental stimuli, as we have already noted, appear to evoke antagonistic stimuli only, in animal subjects thus prepared.

Moreover, it seemed impossible to discover an environmental stimulus that could evoke motor stimuli of superior strength to the motor self within the experimental animal's depleted central nervous system. Since inducement response depends both upon the allied character of the motor stimuli evoked, and upon its superiority of strength over the motor self, inducement response may be regarded as impossible to evoke 'in animals prepared in the manner described by Goltz and Sherrington. As in the case of submission response, however, inducement will be found to be a necessary constituent of centrally mediated sex response since spontaneous sex response of this type can occur, as we have already noted, by way of thalamic motor mechanisms. It would seem probable that inducement, like the other primary emotions may occur in thalamic motor centres.

Inducement Appears in Infant Behaviour

In the love responses listed by Watson as found in the

behaviour of infants, we discover a number of naive or unlearned reactions which may possibly be termed inducement. Inducement may consist, at an early age, of spontaneous holding out of hands or feet to be tickled. At a somewhat later period, apparently, the baby may embrace mother or nurse. Holding out of arms toward the person to whom the child has been submitting, and certain infant vocal sounds which might be interpreted as invitations to continue previous petting, may also be listed in this more active category of love behaviour. The result of all these infant invitations or inducements, if successful, is to cause the mother or attendant to move as directed by the infant. No antagonistic compulsion can, however, be exercised over the adult by the infant inducer. The mother in submitting to her child is reacting with learned submission, which permits the allied motor stimuli evoked by perception of the infant organism to be of superior strength to the mother's motor self. The infant's earliest inducement responses, therefore, are frequently more successful than those attempted at a later age.

Inducement Is Important Element In Girls' Behaviour"

Inducement response seems often to appear as a spontaneous type of reaction, in the behaviour of girls from three to five years old. In boys of similar age, the reaction may also appear spontaneously, according to my own observation, in the form of aggressive teasing of attractive little girls, or smaller and younger boys. In the case of male children, however, initial inducement exercised toward a weaker child is minimized, an attempted antagonistic com-

pulsion of the other's compliance is far more pronounced and the whole response is apt to become mixed with and controlled by dominance very soon after its initiation, often taking the form of torturing weaker children and animals. Males, even at a tender age, appear to place little confidence in the efficacy of inducement. They lapse readily into attempted compulsion or domination of other humans, evidently failing to distinguish fellow humans, to any great extent, from inanimate objects.

" Playing (at) school " and " playing (at) house ", usually with one of the older girls as " teacher " or " mother ", has been described in psychological literature as " imitative instinct ", or as " play instinct ", expressing itself in imitation of the adults whom the children see most frequently. Were " imitation " or " play " (whatever that may be) the sole explanation of such activities, however, there is no particular reason winy mother and teacher should be the chosen roles to be impersonated rather than nursemaid, cook, kitchen maid, gardener or janitor. In many households the servants named are with the children much more frequently than are the parents. But in practically all parts of the globe where the play of children has been observed, little girls will be found enacting the part of mother, or of some sort of preceptress toward all those younger children whom she can persuade to join in this type of game. It seems fairly clear that inducement, in a singularly unmixed form, is the response expressed in this type of behaviour. I have noted during my own observations of children at play that other girls, younger than the " mother " or " teacher " child, appear to enjoy this sort of activity much more than do little boys of corresponding age, who may also be in the group.

The boys are frequently persuaded to play " house "

or "school/* only with the utmost feluctance. Their choice of games usually calls for some sort of contest or more violent physical activity expressive primarily of dominance. While the " tomboy " type of little girl shares this dominant predilection in choice of play activities, to a considerable extent, with the boys of her particular group, there exists, also, even in her contests with the male children, a considerable element of active inducement directed toward winning the admiration and esteem of the boys in question. " Tomboys " evidently possess more dominance than the average girl, with perhaps a normal assignment of female inducement. Dominance in such cases is found to be a more efficient method of stimulation for the purpose of evoking submission from the boys of the group than is inducement exerted directly upon male children, under guise of playing house or school.

The true inducement character of the controlling emotional response in many " tomboys " reveals itself clearly in their leadership of other children during adolescence. In one case which I had occasion to observe, a girl, who when young chose to play boys' games, and engage competitively with them in juvenile athletics, became, during adolescence, the undisputed leader of the girls in her group at her preparatory school, and later in college. Her leadership expressed itself in various types of appetitive, or dominant, and compliant activities, not limited by any means to athletics. ><She was

editor of her school paper, president of her class, leading lady in school dramatics, and later president of her class in college. She became one of a very small number of undergraduates representing the student body in the governing council of the college. So far as I know, A.B. never turned any of her successes into financial or other appetitive advantage for herself, as many American students do even though blessed with parents of high social and financial standing. A.B., according to my own observations, obtained, first of all, a dominant satisfaction from her success in competitive activities of all sorts, physical and social. But this dominance response appeared always to be controlled by inducement, since the ultimate accomplishment almost invariably took the form of gaining leadership or directorship over other persons of less strength who were at the same time willing and desirous of being thus directed.

Males' Inducement* Is Controlled by Dominance and

Male inducement which often begins, as already noted, in a mildly sadistic attitude toward weaker children, seems to become subordinated during later adolescence to the outright control of dominance. The element of submission, as we shall have occasion to observe in the next chapter, is essential to the compound emotion captivation. And captivation is an essential constituent of sadistic teasing or torturing of weaker human beings or animals. During later male adolescence it would appear that a certain separation occurs, in most cases, between active inducement and

passive submission, with inducement tending to become transferred out of the love compound altogether, taking its place under control of appetite emotion. Captivation, of course, may continue as a separate type of sex behaviour, but this does not prevent inducement, also, being used to assist dominance and appetite.

Behaviour indicating this gradual male transfer of inducement under appetitive control may be reviewed briefly as follows : The so-called " cruelty " which young boys express toward one another has been commented iipon repeatedly both in psychological and literary writings. A boy who has any outstanding peculiarity or weakness almost invariably becomes a butt lor the jokes and attacks of his companions. One instance which was brought to my attention by the principal of a school in which we were making a mental health survey, concerned a boy with a deformity of the right leg which rendered this limb some three of four inches shorter than the left. The child had recently undergone an operation which was unsuccessful. After the operation he wore a shoe on the right foot with an extra thick sole sufficient to compensate for the shortening of his right leg.

The other boys of the school (eight to twelve years old) immediately began to call him " club foot ". The deformed boy, Harry, who had undergone considerable suffering, physical and emotional, in connection with the operation, was peculiarly 'sensitive to the taunts of his former friends. He could no longer run away from them successfully, and when he failed to escape after trying to run away, the older boys chased him and formed a daily hab't of gathering around him and teasing him in various ways not physically injurious

250 EMOTIONS OF NORMAL

but ingcnic usly devised to give Ha A ry as much emotional unpleasantness as possible. I was able to question three or four of the boys who had just teased Harry. I discovered that they had not the slightest attitude of ill will toward the child. In fact, one or two of the boys appeared to like Harry better than most of their other play fellows, and all the boys questioned except one, expressed pity and regret for Harry's deformity. When asked why, when they felt this way toward Harry, they should consistently make life miserable for him by tormenting him, one or two of the boys replied : " I don't know. I can't help it. It's fun to chase him and make him cry, but after that you don't feel so good. Feel kind 'of sorry for him." Another boy said that he thought Harry was " yellow " for running away, and that it was his own fault if the boys " picked on him ". A third boy said it was " sort of exciting to tease Harry ". But he pointed out that they teased other boys just as much at other times, only " the other boys don't take it so hard ".

This rather ordinary instance of a group of young males teasing and tormenting a weaker companion may very readily be seen to depend, primarily, upon inducement, partially compounded with submission into captivation emotion (see next chapter), but controlled by dominance. Harry represented, at first, an allied or friendly environmental stimulus, weaker than the other boys. This made Harry, under* our suggested definition, an adequate environmental.stimulus for evoking active inducement response from his stronger companions. When, however, Harry began to cry and to run away, his alliance with the other boys was to a considerable extent severed, in their minds. He then repre-

sented a weaker boy than themselves who would not submit to their mixed dominance and inducement. This made Harry an antagonistic stimulus, weaker than the boys who were reacting toward him. Immediately the antagonism of the stronger boys was increased to the extent where dominance completely controlled their conduct toward Harry Yet they still felt an undercurrent of friendliness and interest in him, evoking from them some continuance of the inducement purpose of making him submit to them. In this situation, inducement was adapted to and controlled by dominance. And Harry suffered accordingly.

Another instance of boys' behaviour which came to my

attention may be cited to show the difference in thl responses evoked from the stronger group of boys when tJ/e boy being teased elects to submit to his tormentors. In this case it was the school custom to " initiate " any new boy by subjecting him to such physical punishments and torments as the older boys of the school might devise to suit the occasion. Several boys, new to the school, had received cuts, bruises, and other minor injuries, as well as having had their clothes badly torn and soiled, in the process of this " initiation ". All the boys thus hurt had resisted to a greater or lesser extent the treatment meted out to them. However, during the initiation, which I was able to observe without my presence in any way interfering with the behaviour of the boys, the new boy showed a remarkable willingness to undergo whatever was meted out to him. I learned, afterward, that he had been informed by a friend at the school of the treatment he might expect,

and had been advised " not to run away from it ". This boy, therefore, showed no desire to get away, nor did he try to evade the commands of the leaders among his " initiators ". As a result, apparently, of this attitude, 1 heard several of the older boys remark to each other " He's not afraid of anything ", " He's a good kid ", " He is all right, let him off ", " That's enough for him ". After putting this boy through only two comparatively mild stunts, he was released and welcomed with Enthusiasm as a fully initiated member of the school.

The pcftnt seemed to be that the dominance of the older boys out-weighed their inducement emotion at the very beginning of the affair. When, therefore, the object of their attack failed to show the slightest resistance or antagonism in return, a good part of this initial dominance died out for lack of stimulus. Only the inducement increment remained in their subjection of the new boy, and this inducement (compounded, it must be remembered with submission, into a dilute captivation emotion) was not sufficiently extensive to carry on the initiation very long after dominance had subsided. One or two successfully evoked submission responses on the part of the new boy were sufficient to satisfy the inducement emotion of this entire group of young males. In short, we might conclude that inducement is not a sufficiently well developed emotion in the average adolescent male to control any considerable portion of his behaviour when it is completely divorced from dominance.

McJe Organism Not Suited to induce Other Males

It is frequently reported that homosexual relations are prevalent in that type of boys' school called a " public school " in England, and a " private school " in the United States. I have had occasion to observe one or two such relationships. In the cases which have come to my attention an older, stronger boy has compelled a young and much weaker boy to give him erotic pleasure, as well as to perform many other services of an appetitive nature for the benefit of the older youth. In such cases as these, the emotional response of inducement on the part of the older boy wins for him a greater total amount of pleasantness, both appetitive and erotic, than that which can be obtained from mere teasing and torturing of younger boys. Moreover, the younger boy's combined submission and inducement attain for him a certain amount of freedom from being made the object of dominance response. The older boy in these affairs usually protects and favours, in various ways, the boy who submits to him. Frequently he not only refrains from hazing or tormenting the younger boy, but also prevents other boys from doing so. In this type of behaviour, therefore, we may see a certain amount of inducement expressed by a male subject free from control of

The limitation to such relationships seems to be a physiological one. Since neither the body nor the emotional development of the younger boy is suited to act as ah effective stimulus to the passion of the stronger youth, the dominance of the younger boy yielding to dominance of the older boy becomes a matter of compliance by the weaker one rather than submission. The older boy as environmental stimulus, in short, evokes motor stimuli stronger than the motor self of his companion, but, for the most part, antagonistic to it.

Thus, the stronger youth becomes an adequate stimulus to compliance but not to submission. The younger boy yields, not because he enjoys the relationship as such, but because it seems to be to his appetitive advantage. The compliance of the weaker boy, in turn, makes itself felt by the would-be inducer, and the inducement fails to produce sufficient pleasantness to be long continued.

From this sort ot relationship, however, both boys frequently emerge with an unusually complete appetitive development, and with a transfer of inducement into adaptation to, and

control by appetite. In fcther words, the older boy Jjfas learned that he can use inducement to obtain services ayd pleasures which would otherwise be beyond his reach. The younger boy, also, has been taught that by a compound response made up of inducement and submission expressed toward a stronger companion, he can obtain protection, gifts, and perhaps advancement in school activities of various sorts. In the cases I have studied, at least, both boys entering into such a relationship, tend thereafter to use the primary emotional response of inducement not for its own sake nor for the completion of a true love response, but rather as first aid in furthering the ends of active and passive appetite or both. This use of inducement, as we shall have occasion later to observe, constitutes one of the most unfortunate of personality developments.

Normal Adult Male Transfers Inducement From Sadism to

Business

The element of inducement in males who have not had experiences of homosexual type, nevertheless, tends to follow a somewhat similar course of development. The behaviour called " cruelty " toward other males continues to be expressed in some degree throughout adult life. Business men, as well as men engaged in professional and academic life, appear to obtaia a certain emotional pleasure by means of imposing hardships^ and minor torments upon other males who come under their authority. And this same type of pleasure is still more obviously manifested when failure of another man is reported, even though this individual is in no sense a rival. Criticisms or attacks made upon another male appear to be enjoyed without restraint by most men, and it would appear that the dominant or appetitive satisfaction in disposing of a rival fails to account satisfactorily for the entire response. There exists, in addition, a certain emotional gratification (captivation emotion) in the thought that the person attacked is thereby subjected to the subject himself as well as to all other persons who witness the attack.

With the normal and fairly successful business man, however, these occasional enjoyments of perverted inducement response must be strictly limited to those occasions when the subject's own appetitive interests can not be injured by indulging in enjoyment of the other person's enforced subjec-

tioh. During late adolescence there'is indication that dominance, compjiance and their appetitive combinations develop

very rapidly with male subjects, until appetite may be said to exercise undisputed control over the average male's emotional responses. With this maturing appetite comes the suppression and limitation of inducement expressed in forcefully bullying and injuring other males. The youth begins to discover that he cannot afford to alienate other males who may later serve his interests in one way or another, no matter how insignificant these persons may seem at the time when he has an opportunity to subject them injuriously in some way. For instance, one boy may successfully dominate another lad of the same group during athletic competition or competitive seeking of the same class office or scholastic prize. The natural tendency of the male following such successes seems to consist of an expression of open triumph over the rival, with perhaps a certain patronizing condescension expressive of the defeated one's subjection to the superior strength of the more successful boy. The triumphant boy does not regard this defeated rival as an enemy or antagonist. In fact, the whole pleasure of the inducement response would be turned to indifference were the other boy regarded as a real antagonist. To enjoy this type of victory to the full, the defeated male must still be thought of as a friend, though a friend of inferior strength and position. It soon transpires, however, that the defeated boy has reacted to the openly expressed superiority of the successful youth by becoming a real enemy. Perhaps, at a subsequent election of class officers or in the course of academic relationships, if the two boys are taking the same courses, an occasion arises where the formerly successful youth needs the support of the boy whom he has been treating as an inferior. He finds this support is not forthcoming. The formerly defeated youth now responds with dominance to the previously controlling dominance in the other boy's behaviour and the formerly triumphant youth

suffers accordingly. I studied several instances of this type, and found that in these instances only a few such experiences were necessary to lead to a splitting off of inducement from open dominance, and the initiation of a new pattern of behaviour in which inducement was used to further the ends of appetite instead of thwarting them. In other words, instead of giving free rein to the pleasantness of injurious

subjection of other boys* the subject quickly leanafed to use inducement to acquire and regain their appetitive assistance and service. '

Inducement in Business

This system of emotional organization, wherein inducement is used as first assistant to active appetite, forms what may be called the extensor muscle of modern business. Selling goods is a clear cut example of this type of composite emotional response. The salesman not only stimulates the appetitive mechanisms of his prospective customers by impressing upon the buyer the financial advantage which these particular goods hold for him, but he also uses a considerable amount of " personal appeal " to the buyer. That is to say, the salesman endeavours to impress the buyer with his own qualities as a good fellow and reliable person. And if the prospective customer allows himself to become sympathetic the salesman may even make an open statement of his own personal needs and desires in winning the patronage of the merchant to whom he is talking. All this consists of rather clear-cut, active inducement behaviour, on the part of the

salesman. In itself such behaviour has no connection whatever with the intrinsic merit or usefulness of the goods to be sold. Yet, no business man to-day doubts the importance of stfch.inducement technique in effecting sales.

Even pointed advertisements which do not, of course, enable the seller to appear personally before the buyer, contain as large an element of inducement as it is possible to convey with the help of words, pictures and suggestions of both form and colour. Pretty girls are depicted extending the article to be sold invitingly toward the reader of the advertisement. The concern manufacturing the product advertised is symbolized as the family's best friend, or as the generous saviour of humanity in distress. Another form of what might be called substituted inducement, commonly found in advertisements, is the attempted identification of the advertiser with some member of the prospective customer's family, who is represented as inducing the reader of the advertisement to buy the product advertised. For instance, a picture of a baby may be shown with the heading : " Bring happiness to your child, buy this cuddly, dimpled baby doll ! " Or a picture of two attractive children sharing a bottle of soft drink, may

be displaced with the legend : " Ket your children enjoy these taste-.tempting drinks ".

In nearly** all selling methods of modern business some element of inducement can be found directly or indirectly expressed, over and above the appetitive appeal contained in descriptions of the intrinsic values and delights of the goods

themselves. This use of inducement response as a servant of appetite emotion tends to be learned by the average male about the time of sexual maturity. Thereafter, he limits more and more the use of inducement in enjoyment of the captivation of other males, and extends its use further and further for the purpose of procuring appetitive benefits from other people of both sexes.

Confusions Between Inducement and Dominance

The behaviour just considered, which might aptly be styled the evolution of male inducement, serves only to illustrate the tendency which all males exhibit, at times, to confuse and intermingle dominance and inducement responses. The integrative element which is identical in dominance and inducement is the superiority of the motor self over the strength of the motor stimulus. The integrative difference between the two responses consists in the fact that an adequate stimulus to dominance emotion is antagonistic to the motor self while adequate motor stimulus to inducement must remain in alliance wi*h trie motor self.

If there appears to be the slightest doubt as to whether the person who constitutes the environmental stimulus is willing to accept the role of inferiority to the subject, then the average male organism immediately tends to react to the individual in question as to an antagonistic stimulus. The " boot-licking, " or utterly servile attitude which male underlings of great men so frequently find it necessary to adopt, in order to retain their positions, furnishes dependable evidence of the tendency just referred to. If the assistant or employee inadvertently manifested, at any time, behaviour which impressed his chief

with a possible superiority of strength on the part of the supposedly inferior male, the employer would feel immediate necessity for reducing his employee's strength to a level obviously lower than his own. This emotional purpose, again, is a common one both to dominance and to inducement responses; but since dominance is the prevailing male

emotion, the employer almost invariably seeks to /educe his subordinate's strength by action antagonistic to the other man's interests. He may reprimand him before others, decrease his pay, or discharge him. I have observed many instances of each of these methods used by males in authority to reduce the strength of a subordinate.

Nor are such methods limited to business or other appetitive relationships where there may be, in most cases, some actual opposition of interests between chief and subordinate. In the home, a wife or son may be " put in their place " by this method. Deliberately cutting and insulting remarks may be addressed to the wife. A son who shows any tendency to dispute the superiority of a " successful " father is 1 likely to receive more definitely injurious treatment. Physical abuse, cutting off a son's allowance or privileges, or even (in one actual case) causing the son's arrest and sentence in juvenile

court, may be u<ed as methods of reducing the " uppishncss " of the boy. All these courses of action are dominant and not inductive methods of reducing the strength of the person regarded as inferior to the subject, since all these methods of treatment disregard utterly the interests and well being of the person thus treated.

Were inducement the prevailing response, the actions of the father, or person in authority must have been kept in complete alliance with the welfare and happiness of the persons subjected. Had this been done, and true inducement actually exercised, the inferior persons must have been induced voluntarily to reduce their own strength to a required degree, in order to accept completely the control of the inducer. Most males, who appear to possess very meagre development of inducement emotion in pure form, would regard such a task as utterly impossible. An average male is prone to remark " the only way to show the boy his place is to beat him within an inch of his life ". Often the sentiment expressed is more violent than the action which follows, but the two are usually similar in nature. Whenever another person's strength is to be reduced to a level inferior to a man's own, the person is treated as an opponent and dominance takes the place of inducement in nine cases out of ten.

Girls Express Inducement Not Mixed With Appetite The. development of inducement response in girls and women

is quite different from that of males. All girls from three to five

years of age jiot infrequently manifest a startlingly sophisticated inducement technique. In one case, at least, which I had occasion to study, males were unmistakably preferred to women as objects of inducement. Yet the little girl, Patricia, also exercised inducement toward her mother, aunt, and also toward girls younger than herself. For a period of about three years, inducement appeared, in fact, to be the controlling response in this child's behaviour pattern. Patricia sought systematically to induce people to watch her antics and to think highly of her. This inducement did not seem to be coupled with overt eroticism, nor on the other hand, did inducement appear to be complicated by appetitive cravings or desires. The child seemed solely intent upon establishing her superiority over those people who attracted her, while simultaneously seeking a more intimate an-1 friendly relationship with them.

In other cases studied, female children of similar age showed marked inducement response coupled with and apparently springing from sexual precocity. In girls of this age, and girls between this age and adolescence, inducement seems frequently compounded into an admirably organized love response, expressed in taking care of babies and younger children. Detailed consideration of this love behaviour may be reserved until a later chapter. Our attention may be called to it at this point as an indubitable expression of active inducement in a pure or natural form, not perverted by admixture with appetite.

Forced Use of Inducement for Appetite by Women

Women have been regarded conventionally, for thousands of years, as the weaker sex. This almost universally recognized concept of woman's weakness has included not only

physical inferiority, but also a weakness in emotional power in relationships with males. No concept of woman's emotional status could be more completely erroneous. Woman actually is inferior to man at the present time, on the average, in her dominance development; but since real relationships, other than those of business, depend upon inducement and love responses and technique, rather than upon dominant and appetitive reactions, there seems little reason to doubt that women, as a sex, are many times better equipped tg

assume emotional leadership than are males. As a matter of fact, women have always exercised this emotional leadership by controlling, to a considerable extent, the home life and the education of children. But they have been controlled, in turn, in exercising these functions by the dominant and appetitive compulsions exerted upon them by a predominantly male civilization.

The situation in which women have found themselves, while being kept in a status of dominantly enforced weakness, has had the effect of compelling them to use inducement (and submission, also) as a means of obtaining appetitive benefits and protections. Men, by controlling social customs and usages, have forced their own perverted use of as a servant of appetite upon the females of the race, whose native emotional equipment does not appear to tend toward such a development if, and when, the female herself is freed from appetitive compulsion. If the source of food and appeti-

tive supply of all sorts is in the hands of persons possessing superior strength and reacting with prevailing dominance, two options only are open to weaker members of the race. The weak ones may obtain supplies by using their love responses to serve their appetite, or they may perish from appetitive weakness. A majority of women have learned to follow the first of these two courses of conduct. The most optimistic emotional feature of modern civilization seems to be that we men are now beginning to escape both horns of this dilemma by increasing their own appetitive powers. They are nearing the point where they will be able to provide for themselves quite as well as men can provide for them. When the female sex, as a whole, has arrived at this appetitive equality, it would seem probable that their inducement responses will be pretty much freed from appetitive control.

Women's Inducement Conditioned on Males by Appetitive Compulsion

An interesting line of demarcation has grown up in the behaviour of women compelled to depend upon inducement for appetitive reward. The inducement responses of such women have become conditioned, apparently, upon men, to a very much greater extent than upon other women. Since it has been a male or males toward whom women subjects must exercise inducement in order to be fed and clothed, and since

the men from whom appetitive supplies are to be obtained have not been subject, in the main, to dominant conquest by women, the Woman's inducement responses toward males

have not been mingled or confused to any great extent by admixture of dominance. In short, if money or sustenance must be obtained from a physically stronger male, pure inducement response must be expressed by the woman who seeks his assistance, free from all suggestion of dominance. If dominance is allowed to creep into the woman's attitude toward such a male, at any point, the reward will not be forthcoming. This seems to have had the effect of making the inducement technique which women employ in attaining support from men much more clear-cut inducement behaviour than men are able to express toward other males.

Women Inducing Males for Appetitive Supply are Business Rivals

On the other hand, women who depend solely for their supply upon success of inducements directed toward males inevitably regard all other women similarly engaged as actual or prospective rivals. If the other woman succeeds in persauding Mr. Z. to support her, then Mr. Z is not likely to support the rival female inducer. Even if Mr. Z. were willing to yield to the inducements of both women, he is likely to spend less money upon both than he would spend upon either one alone. Women inducers find themselves in the same relationship to other women inducers that one automobile salesman occupies with respect to another automobile salesman who is after the same customer of moderate means.

The result of this situation seems to have been the growth of " society ", or " social " competition between women, wherein each woman treats her rivals with very much the same mixture of inducement and dominance that men exercise toward one another. Women's taboo upon " fallen women ",

or women of inferior social standing, seems to represent the same prevailing dominance response that a male employer or bureau chief exerts over his male employees. Moreover, the outcast or socially snubbed female is supposed to retain the same friendly attitude toward the more dominant member of her sex that the humiliated male underling is required to maintain toward his appetitive superior. This expected attitude of submission is not, of course, evoked in either

case. Dominance may compel an unpleasant type of compliance response, but true submission responds only to inducement. Social dominance between wom^h, with its thin, transparent disguise of inducement, is the less excusable because the dominance power expressed is borrowed power, originally obtained from males by the use of real inducement.

Except in Social Rivalry, Girls Express Pure Inducement Toward Other Girls

In contrast to the " society " type of situation, however, I have found that nearly all girls and women who are not engaged too extremely in social rivalry express genuine inducement and love toward their girl friends, women' relatives, or, very frequently, toward destitute or otherwise unfortunate persons of both sexes. These female responses may be discussed more fully after we have considered the combining of inducement and submission into completed love response.

I have recently observed one instance, however, worth

mentioning at this point. A college girl, about twenty years of age, listed as her chief emotional interest her companionship with a girl friend. I had occasion to observe this young woman for a period of several months, and could discover no indication that a complete love or sex relationship existed between Miss D. and her friend. Miss D., however, devoted a great deal of time and attention to pleasing Miss F. Miss*D., for instance, threw away a hat which Miss F. disliked. She also joined a group of young people whom she did not care for, in order to be with Miss F. Yet Miss D. was unmistakably the leader in her relationship with the other girl. Miss F. submitted to requests of Miss D. which were virtually commands, and even chose her courses in college under Miss D.'s direction (although Miss F. was the better student). There seemed to be an absence of passion between the girls, in this case, which deprived the relationship of a mature love character, and likewise prevented it from resulting in any physical union. As nearly as I could determine, Miss D.'s one desire was to exercise affectionate leadership over Miss F.; while Miss F. accepted this leadership by responding with very evident active submission. (It is possible that Miss F. experienced some passion in this role, but if so it apparently had no counter effect upon Miss D.)

Miss D.'s conduct seems to constitute a clear cut example

of inducement for its own sake, ahd illustrates rather well the difference between the pure inducement response, which seems to be a natural product of the female organism, and

the mixture of inducement and dominance customarily expressed by males. When Miss F.'s tasks or interests lay in a direction divergent from those of Miss D., for the moment, Miss D. found nothing more pleasant than keeping her own behaviour in alliance with her friend's. Miss D. did not comply, for she felt herself to be the leader over Miss F. at all times, so far as I could discover; nor did it occur to Miss D. to treat the other girl as an antagonist, or opponent, and to attempt to compel her to change her existing tendencies and interests/ Miss D. simply maintained her previous close personal alliance with Miss F., while at the same time she expressed in this alliance her own superior strength. A hat, or a group of indifferent people, were not weighed in the balance against the pleasure Miss D. derived from Miss F.'s society. These obstacles were swept aside, or were used merely as methods of allying herself with the friend whom she wished to induce. As a result, the friend, Miss F., accepted Miss D.'s companionable relationship even more completely than before; eventually voluntarily adopting Miss D.'s opinion regarding the social group of whose activities Miss D. did not approve. This example of the behaviour of a sexually mature young woman toward a girl friend seems "to consist of nearly pure inducement, with very little Admixture of other primary emotional responses.

Characteristics of Adequate Stimulus to Inducement

Nearly all the examples already mentioned serve to point the necessity for the reagent to remain in close alliance with the stimulus, if the response is to be one of inducement rather than dominance. But what of the stimulus to inducement ? We have noted that an environmental stimulus in order to evoke inducement response must be considered by male subjects to be of markedly inferior strength to the subject,

as well as allied in nature. In the case of submission response the emphasis, so far as adequacy of stimulus was concerned, seemed to be upon the allied characteristic. Varying degrees of stimulus strength served, for the most part, to determine whether the response would be of submission or of inducement. In the present chapter, we have noted

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that males appear to substitute dominance for inducement whenever a stimulus person whom they consider less powerful than themselves shows any tendency to increase his strength toward an equality with that of the subject. If we analyse this behaviour with a view to determining the nature of an adequate environmental stimulus to inducement, we discover that in the case of males, at least, the margin of difference between the strength of the inferior stimulus and the strength of the subject himself must be a wide one if inducement is to be evoked. So far as I have been able to observe, there is no minimal threshold of strength or intensity beneath which an allied stimulus will cease to evoke inducement. That is to say, though an allied stimulus must impress itself upon a male subject as being very much weaker than himself in order to evoke inducement response, it is not likely to cease to evoke inducement no matter how weak it may become, provided it has once secured the attention of the subject.

Male Inducement Threshold Varies With State of Appetitive Responses

The margin of inferiority which an environmental stimulus

must maintain in order to evoke motor stimuli of inferior intensity to the male's motor self will depend more upon the ^subject's own condition of appetite, desire, or satisfaction, than upon the intrinsic strength which the stimulus person exhibits. Since dominance is the prevailing primary emotion in males, a comparison is likely to be made by the subject between himself and the entire stimulus situation of which the inferior person is a part, rather than between the subject and the inferior person per se. If a man has been appetitively successful, and is in what is known as a " good humour ", then he is already in a state of consciousness where he feels that he has demonstrated the superiority of his strength over that of his environment. In such a mood, a lesser degree of servility is usually required from his underlings in order to satisfy him that the employees are less powerful than himself.

Men, as a rule, appear to make very little distinction between persons and things. The employees, or underlings, therefore, tend to be lumped in with the inanimate units of environment, and the subject's attitude toward these inanimate elements

tends to be inclusive of the human beings who regularly form part of that environment. On the other hand, whenever a man Iras met defeat, or is in a state of unsatisfied desire, he usually tries to satisfy the dominant element in his unsatisfied desire by dominating all persons as well as inanimate objects weaker than himself, unless their inferiority and alliance with his own interests are overwhelmingly apparent. It is in states of unsatisfied desire that men

kick the dog, meet their wife's advances with scathing rejections, order the children sharply to bed, and berate the servants and other employees without other excuse than the subject's own ill temper. Extreme servility (that is, exaggerated inferiority of strength) together with unusually successful service in supplying articles most pleasing to the man at that moment, may possibly succeed in eliciting a brief and rather perfunctory inducement response. He may be led to remark to his wife : " Very good cigars, Alice. I wish you'd buy some more for me ". Or, to an employee : 11 Well done, Jones, if you can do that again, I think it would be good business ". Beyond such fragmentary inducement response?, however, no stimulus, no matter how closely allied, or no matter how obviously inferior it may be to the subject himself, has the power to evoke further inducement.

When Inducement Serves Appetite, Inducement Threshold is Low

When appetite emotion is the initial and basic response, with inducement playing the minor role of a mechanism whereby the appetitive need is to be accomplished, the adequacy of the environmental stimulus to evoke the total response pattern depends not upon the integrative mechanism of inducement, but rather upon the adequacy of the environmental stimulus to evoke appetitive emotion. Inducement, in such cases, is initiated as a form of compliance; yet inducement response must follow its own proper course if it is to be successful in accomplishing the appetitive result. Whatever aspect or attribute of the stimulus person, therefore, can possibly be interpreted as allied with and weaker than the subject tends to evoke motor stimuli appropriate to inducement. This situation represents an opposite extreme of inducement stimulus to that just considered. In

the former instance., a man in a state of unsatisfied desire

requires for an inducen^ent stimulus extreme subservience, and perfect alliance with his own interests. In the case now under consideration, the slightest suggestion, of possible alliance of interests, together with a mere possibility of inferiority of strength at one point only, will be sufficient to evoke an extremely active and prolonged inducement response.

For example, a woman may be dependent for her own living and for that of their children upon a husband whose parsimony is well known and frequently demonstrated. Yet under the irresistible drive of appetitive desire, such a wife may exercise inducement toward her husband for days, or even weeks, in order to obtain the desired supply. In thus exerting inducement toward an obviously inadequate environmental stimulus, the wife is compelled to select, and to dwell upon whatever interests and tastes she and her husband may have in common, and to select the few responsive points which experience has shown to exist in his submission response mechanism. Attention must be focusscd continuously upon these slight stimuli to inducement in order to prolong the wife's inducement response sufficiently to ofler an}' hope of success in obtaining her desire. These inducement stimuli, slight as they are, however, are absolutely essential to the evoking of true inducement response, which alone is able to serve the woman's appetitive desire. If no such stimuli are to be found, or if

the wife's attention is not kept continuously upon the more or less if adequate stimuli mentioned, her behaviour will at once lose its inducement character, and will impress itself upon the niggardly husband as a dominant drive against his money. The man's response to this stimulus will render him more than ever antagonistic to her dearest interests. The mere form of inducement will not do, if the wife's purpose is to be accomplished. For this reason, the use of inducement as a servant of appetite produces a situation wherein environmental stimuli only slightly allied with the subject and slightly, if at all, inferior to the strength of the subject, become adequate to inducement response.

The situation outlined leads to a consideration of a sort of border-line group of stimuli, where it is difficult to tell whether the initial appeal to which the subject is responding is that of antagonism or alliance. With subjects of both sexes, there is a tendency to regard a member of the opposite sex who appears difficult to subdue by inducement as an opponent

to the supremacy of the subject as <in expert inducer. Thus the stimulus person may arouse a response of inducement for the very reason that he constitutes an obstacle or opponent, to the subject from whom the inducement is evoked. This means that the stimulus person originally evokes dominance response from the subject, and that dominance response is immediately compelled to utilize inducement behaviour, as the subject organism has learned to do, in order to accomplish its dominant purpose.

Thus a college youth frequently employed excellently devised inducement behaviour toward girls who were popular with other men, solely for the purpose of proving that the girl in question was no exception to the alleged rule that all women became easy victims to his charm. The inducement emotion seemed to be pure inducement during the time that he was attempting to captivate the young woman selected. He exerted no dominance toward her so far as I could observe, nor, on the other hand, was his inducement mingled to any extent with submission to produce real love emotion. Yet once the object of the inducement behaviour was accomplished, and the girl was willing to accept A.'s attentions, the boy's emotional attitude became an obviously dominant one. This consciousness of success contained, frequently, alternate and mingled elements of inducement, with dominance prevailing. I have also observed many instances of unusually love aggressive girls who sought to induce popular young men io bestow favourable regard upon them, seemingly for the purpose of removing the youth in question as an obstacle to the girl's complete supremacy over the opposite sex.

Resistance May Evoke Pure Inducement

On just the other side of the line, however, I have observed instances of feminine inducement evoked directly by a stimulus person who was not regarded as an antagonist at any time during the relationship. In one case, at least, attractive males always seemed to evoke real inducement response from a girl subject, pretty much in proportion to the indifference which they expressed toward her. So far as I could discover, this girl did not regard an indifferent man as antagonistic, but rather as an allied stimulus person whose strength she

felt to be inferior to her own. The fact that the man himself expressed indifference toward her impressed itself upon her

apparently as an ade<$uate stimulus to reduce his inferior power to a level where it should be easily manageable by her own. The line of demarcation at this point, ^between pure inducement response and mingled inducement and is very fine, but can usually be drawn clearly enough by a detailed study of the case.

With subjects, especially girls, whose inducement emotion is highly developed, true inducement may nearly always be evoked by an attractive person of the opposite sex who manifests complete indifference toward the subject. The subject's strong inducement development, in such cases, evidently consists of an unusually low threshold of motor self reinforcement in response to allied motor stimuli. The indifference of the environmental stimulus person serves to evoke a volume of allied motor stimuli corresponding in strength to the indifference expressed toward the subject by the stimulus person. The motor self, with its low reinforcement threshold to stimuli of this type, is thereupon stimulated to rapid and extensive reinforcement, thus producing an inducement response of corresponding strength. The indifference of the stimulus person, therefore, is seen as determining the volume or quantity of the inducement response which it evokes, rather than exercising any peculiar potency in evoking inducement in the first

place.

The type of subject just analysed, who responds with true inducement to an attractive though indifferent stimulus person, tends to respond with inducement to any person who is sufficiently attractive, that is, closely allied to the subject's standards and tastes. Such a subject is always susceptible to inducement stimuli, in short; only in cases where the stimulus person is very easily induced to submit, the strength of inducement response evoked is not so great and, therefore, the whole response is less noticeable.

Measure of Motor Self Inducement Increase

Incidentally, we might draw the conclusion, from this type of inducement response, that the measure of increase of the motor self during inducement response is the difference between the existing strength of the motor self and that strength which required to replace the stimulus person completely under the control of the subject.

Girls More Closely Allied to Other Girls than to Males Girls like Miss D., who possess normally developed female inducement emotion, respond more readily with inducement, on the whole, to other girls than to men. This seems to be accounted for by the fact that other girls impress themselves upon the subject as more closely allied to her than males. Also, if the subject herself possesses a motor self of no great

strength, and has only an ordinarily sensitive reinforcement mechanism, other girls are more apt to be felt as being of inferior strength to the girl herself than are men. In the case of Miss D., however, the emphasis was clearly upon the increased closeness of alliance which she perceived in other girls, since Miss D. responded toward men, for the most part, with unconcealed dominance. She seemed to regard males, in short, as of inferior strength to herself, but antagonistic rather than allied.

Another feature of this close alliance, in one or two cases of the same type which I have observed, seemed to be a camaraderie of supremacy over males. The girls like Miss F., who evoked inducement response from other girls most readily, did not yield to men. Love affairs with the male in control seemed to alienate the girl thus offending to the extent that the inducement response of her girl friend was not evoked. Submission to a male appeared to be the alienating behaviour element objected to. If the girl who evoked inducement response, like Miss R., expressed a great deal of inducement toward men, however, this behaviour seemed not to interfere in the least with her efficacy as an inducement stimulus to inducer girls like Miss D. In fact, successful inducement of men, provided the men were made to submit and the girl herself did not submit to their desires, seemed to contribute an added element of alliance between stimulus girl and inducer girl.

Alliance Requirement of Stimulus Inversely Proportional to Its

Strength

If the stimulus person who evokes inducement from another is so much and so obviously inferior in strength to the subject

that only slight reinforcement of the motor self is required to bring about inducement, then it would appear that a lesser degree of alliance with the subject is necessary in order to evoke inducement. Children of another race and colour may

evoke inducement response (though less probably love) from the average woman, almost as readily as her own children do. Small boys and weak or injured persons of bo f h sexes may evoke inducement responses of fairly pure variety from adult males of normal strength, even though the boys or feeble adults are especially alien to the standards and tastes of the male from whom inducement is being evoked. Animals even, may frequently evoke inducement from human beings, even though the animal's behaviour is annoying and repulsive to the subject. It would seem that, in all cases, the greater the inferiority of strength, the less close the alliance of the stimulus need be in order to evoke inducement.

If we compare the degree of alliance always required in an environmental stimulus in order to evoke submission with the requisite degree of alliance necessary in an adequate environmental inducement stimulus, we find that submission stimuli must possess, on the whole, much closer alliance to the subject than is required of inducement stimuli. The reason for this would seem to be that most normal human beings have learned that reducing their own strength in order to be controlled by another person is apt to prove a dangerous undertaking, since

the person submitted to, though closely allied at the moment of submission, may become antagonistic at any time, if the appetitive interests of the person submitted to dictate such a change of attitude.

A gir?, for example, may submit very completely to her mother during her childhood, at which time the mother's attitude is one of complete alliance with the child's welfare and interests. At a later period, however, it may be very much to the mother's appetitive interests in every way to keep the girl at home, rather than permitting her to attend school or college in some distant part of the country. Or the mother's appetitive interests may dictate marriage of the daughter to a wealthy man of accepted standing, whom the girl does not love, and who will never be able to evoke her love responses. In such cases, mothers frequently employ the response of submission which they are still able to evoke from their daughters, for the purpose of furthering their own appetitive satisfactions. Thus it is that emotionally mature adults usually have learned to yield submission only to stimulus persons whose degree of alliance with themselves is indubitably close,

Inducement response, on the other fraud, may be expressed toward persons weaker than the subject, even though such persons later turn out to be distinctly antagonistic to the subject's interests] without serious injury accruing to the subject as a result of such attempted inducement responses. Through learning, therefore, a much closer degree of alliance is required

to evoke submission than is necessary to evoke induced. It is this same type of learning, probably, which leads to a still further lowering of the alliance requirement in an inducement person or animal, when the latter is tremendously inferior in strength to the subject.

Summary

We may summarize the findings of this chapter as follows. Inducement, like dominance, compliance, and submission, may be found as a principle of the behaviour of inanimate objects. When two physical objects exercise attractive, or gravitational force upon one another, the smaller body is drawn toward the larger. During this movement, the stronger, allied body controls and directs the attractive force of the smaller object, increasing its own correspondingly. Both forces remain in progressively increased alliance with one another throughout the reaction. Human and animal inducement behaviour follows the same rules, with the sole difference that human inducement behaviour is brought about by means of integrative mechanisms, and so attams consciousness.

Inducement response cannot be evoked from decerebrate animals, and probably depends upon the mediation of motor centres integratively siiperior to the tonic centres in control at the time inducement is evoked. Inducement, as an important response element in spontaneous love behaviour, evidently can be mediated successfully by thalamic centres.

Inducement response is found in infant behaviour described by Watson and others, where it frequently follows submission to petting, when the petting is discontinued. Pure inducement response forms an important part of the behaviour of

girls, from the age of three on. " Playing (at) house ", " playing (at) school ", and similar games may be cited as very commonly reported types of inducement emotion in female children, the " mother ", or " teacher " girl inducing the others to submit to her.

Cases are reported in jvhich girls of adolescent age, and older, appear to manifest pure inducement response toward other girls, slightly younger or less mature than themselves; this behaviour being free from the erotic or so-cllled " sex " element. The suggestion is made that inducement response tends to develop in pure form, or as a constituent part of properly organized love emotion (compounded of inducement and submission), in normal girl and women subjects whose inducement is not constrained by appetitive compulsion to become the emotional tool of dominance or appetite. In such normal, female, inducement responses, the subject allies herself, throughout the response, with the interests and welfare of the person induced, impressing the superiority o her own strength upon the consciousness of the person induced until voluntary submission is evoked. In male subjects, however, the development of inducement emotion is quite different. Inducement is confused with dominance, and tends to be controlled by it. During late adolescence, the average male learns not to use inducement-dominance in tormenting or triumphing over other males, since such behaviour is not expedient. He learns to use inducement response, rather, as an appetitive tool, whereby he can obtain assistance and benefits from other males.

Women's enforced use of inducement as an emotional tool for appetite has made every woman the business rival of every ^ther in inducing males to supply her needs. Now that women are increasing their dominance sufficiently to supply their own needs, they are becoming free to express pure inducement and love toward one another, which their organisms tend to compel them to do.

In general, a lesser degree of alliance is required to evoke inducement response than is required to evoke submission.

The measure of increase of the subject's motor self during inducement emotion, is the difference between its initial strength and the volume necessary effectively to control the stimulus person.

Pleasantness of Inducement

Introspective reports are more frank in declaring inducement behaviour to be pleasant from beginning to end than are reports concerning submission. Since true inducement necessitates complete alliance between the motor self and

motor stimulus, there is no possible; source of unpleasantness in this response, provided neither dominance nor appetite emotion are permitted to intrude.

Many subjects report that inducement becomes very

unpleasant if unsuccessful, or when its success remains in doubt. Use of the word " success " in such reports evidences the true dominant nature of the behaviour characterized as " unpleasant ". When one strives for "success " as a conscious end, then one is expressing dominance and not inducement. The purpose sought in such responses is to compel an antagonist into allegiance with the self, and not to lead or induce an ally into conduct favourable to both persons. True inducement is pobitively pleasant at all times, whether successful or not, because the other person is regarded as a fiiend, or ally, throughout. Should a wish be entertained to compel the stimulus person to do something against his will, then dominance must have replaced inducement response, and unpleasantness will accompany the failure of the dominance reaction to accomplish its purpose.

The pleasantness of inducement emotion undoubtedly increases pan passu with increase in the closeness of alliance brought about by the inducement response itself, between stimulus person and subject. Inducement is a type of reaction that does not represent a resting balance of the organism. Inducement seeks rather to draw the stimulus person into such close alliance that the subject can submit to the other without further striving, or effort. In proportion as this ultimate resting balance of the organism is secured, therefore, the pleasantness of inducement is observed to increase. Many subjects report this self observation in the belief that the added pleasantness is a dominant satisfaction, and without being in the least

aware that the culminating pleasantness occurs when inducement-striving is able to merge in the resting-balance response of submission, which is undoubtedly most pleasant of all when thus arrived at.

Distinctive Conscious Characteristics of Inducement Emotion

Some popular terms for emotional behaviour characterized principally by inducement are : " persuasion ", " attraction ", " captivation ", "seduction", "vamping 11 (ie. acting the vampire), " convincing ", " making an impression on " another person, "alluring", "luring", "attractive per-

sonality ", " personal, charm ", " personal magnetism ", " appealing ", " leading " a person, " convincing " a person, " converting " a person, " charming " a person, " selling " an idea or oneself, " showing a person it is to his interest " to do something proposed, " inducing a person " to do something, " winning a person's confidence ", and " winning a person's friendship ".

The chief differences in meaning between these and similar terms for inducement behaviour lie in the varying degrees of appetitive purpose or technique, suggested as constituent parts of the total action indicated. Like submission, these popular descriptions of inducement are objective, for the most part, giving little clue to the emotion which iihe inducer observed in his own consciousness, while his inducement response was in progress.

Even a casual analysis of the terms descriptive of inducement as a type of action toward another person reveals a substantial unanimity of meaning as to the actual nature of the response itself. In every case inducement consists of an increase of the self, and making of the self more completely allied with the stimulus person, for the purpose of establishing control over that person's behaviour.

Self-observations of inducement emotion, reported by subjects of both sexes (though male reports concerned responses used for business or other appetitive purposes) suggest A he definitive characteristic of inducement to be : a feeling that it is utterly necessary to win the voluntary of another person to do what the subject says. This feeling, increasingly pleasant in proportion as the other person submits constitutes inducement emotion.