Creatie

APPETITE and love emotions are relatively independent in the emotional organization of some subjects. But, with a majority of individuals, appetite and love appear to manifest an intricate, and often inextricably confused relationship, in the total behaviour pattern. Human beings are, of course, extremely Complex organisms. It is useless to attempt, in a preliminary analysis such as this book represents, anything like a systematic presentation of the extended series of appetite-love relationships which appear in the clinical cases studied. It seems best, therefore, to emphasize the normal and efficient pattern of creation responses, combining love and appetite, which appear to be enforced upon human beings and animals in the course of reproduction. For just as the hunger mechanisms automatically evoke the natural integrative combination of desire and satisfaction into appetite emotion, and as the menstrual function automatically evokes the maximally efficient integrative combinations of passion and captivation responses into love emotion, so, in thr same

way, do the reproductive mechanisms automatically evoke a natural integrative combination of love and appetite into an emotional behaviour pattern which may aptly be termed

Types of Physiological Relationships Between Mother and Child During Pregnancy

We have noted that at the termination of physical love relationship between woman and man, the male completes his series of love responses with a brief expression of active love, while the woman simultaneously begins a new series of love responses on her own part, by a corresponding passive love reaction. It would seem that this passive love reaction on the woman's part, consisting, it will be remembered, of the period immediately following an internal type of orgasm, is biologically designed to accompany reception of spermatazoa

within the vagina, the uterus eventually receiving the male germ cells without resistance. When a spermatazoon encounters the ovum, however, a process that might be described as physiological captivation of the male cell by the ovum immediately occurs. In other words, there is a mutual physiological attraction between these two cells, the ovum eventually drawing the spermatazoon into itself, and com-

pletely surrounding it. Thereafter, in the continued alliance between the two cells, the volume of the ovum predominates throughout, though it might be held that the energy of the male element precipitates the ordered series of cell divisions, shortly resulting in the appearance of the embryo.

It is the mother's responses, however, that we are primarily concerned with, rather than with the genetic origirf and history of the infant.

As soon as the fertilized ovum, with its protective tissues and membranes begins its process of further development within the uterus, nutritional connections are made with the blood stream of the mother, and a definite type of relationship is set up between mother and the embryo. In this relationship, throughout the nine month period preceding birth, the embryo and fetus may be regarded as submitting to the mother, by dominating the nutritional substances furnished by the maternal organism for embryonic growth and development. This nutritional supply is placed in contact with appropriate absorptive tissues of the fetus, which must acquire or dominate these substances so long as it remains responsive to control by the mother's body. The mother organism, on the other hand, complies actively with the food materials taken into it through the stomach, for the purpose of inducing the fetus to grow and mature. The mother's body must comply with food from the environment and not only is the usual measure of compliance necessary to furnish materials for her own organism, but also she must comply in new ways, appropriate to the manufacture of materials necessary to the development of the new organism within her own.

This, then, is the first physiological set of relationships established between mother and child. The mother complies

actively with food from the environment in order to induce the fetus to grow. The infant organism dominates the materials furnished by drawing these materials into its own body in order to submit to the mother's inducement.

A second set of physiological relationships seems also to be present. The mother submits passively to the presence of the other organism within her own, by passively dominating all environmental influences which might tend to injure or attack the unborn child. Passive dominance, in short, on the part of the mo'ther, consists in protecting the infant organism from environmental opponents. This passive dominance is simply a means or method of carrying out the response of passive submission to which her body is impelled by its inability to function in a way divergent from the need of the smaller organism, so long as the latter is held incorporated within the mother's body. Similarly, the infant, in order passively to induce this protection from the mother, must passively comply with the physical limitations of the protective tissues and other materials placed around it. If the fetus, for instance, at a late stage in its growth, should move in such a way that the umbilical cord became twisted or a rupture in any tissue occurred, sustenance might fail the fetus, or protection might no longer be obtained from various inimical influences, probably resulting in ultimate destruction of the fetus. In simplest terms, then, the unborn infant passively complies with the restrictive tissues with which it is surrounded, for the purpose

of passively inducing the maternal organism to permit continued presence of the infant within the mother. The mother protects the unborn babe by passively dominating its antagonists for the purpose of continuing passively to submit to the needs ^rf the infant.

Active Creation (pAaL) Defined in Terms of Physiological Relationships

When we put these two sets of physiological relationships together, we find the following completed behaviour pattern. The mother is passively submitting and actively inducing, simultaneously. We have already seen that this particular compounding of responses constitutes active love or captivation response. Furthermore, the mother simultaneously is actively complying and passively dominating. This combination of responses as we have seen, constitutes passive appetite, or satisfaction response. Since the appetitive satisfaction attained, however, is not for the mother's own desire but for the desires of the infant, a new character of emotion is produced. This new type of response, then, consists of passive

appetite compounded with and adapted to active love (pAdL). This new response compound may be termed active creation.

Passive Creation (aApL) Similarly Defined

The infant organism reacts simultaneously with passive compliance and active dominance responses. This constitutes active appetite or desire. At the same time, however, the unborn infant is reacting with passive inducement and active submission simultaneously. This compound response has been shown to constitute passive love or passion. Yet in this case, where appetitive desire is felt only for the sake of consummating passive love, we must again postulate a new type of compound emotion. This compound response, which consists of active appetite compounded with and adapted to passive love may be termed passive creation (aApL).

As previously emphasized, the reactions analysed in the preceding paragraphs are physiological, a major portion of the adjustments of the maternal body, and practically all adaptations of embryonic and fetal growth to maternal stimuli, being mediated through the blood, which carries appropriate hormones. Nevertheless, there must be a considerable volume of inter-uterine stimulation adequate to motor discharge back again to the internal genitals, with changes, also, in appetitive stimulations. Tbe resulting integrative picture possibly approximates pAaL, though the integrations evidently occur, for the most part, at sub-cortical levels, giving little introspectively discernable love emotion, and certainly no new creation emotion consciousness which the subject herself is able to observe and report upon.

Active Creation of Mother After Birth of Child

Immediately after birth, however, the situation is changed. The infant, normally, is now nourished at the mother's breast. The mother, therefore, receives stimulation of the nipples from the child's mouth, and some manipulation of the breast

itself by the child's hands. Watson, and others, have observed that the resulting experience to the mother is of an erotic variety. That is, in our own terms, a captivation reaction seems to appear, evoked by breast stimulation, plus the other stimulations of holding the child against the body, and perception of the child's behaviour indicating need of nourishment with subsequent satisfaction of the need by means of

milk supplied by the mother. There is considerable evidence that the breasts of the mother are intimately connected with the internal genital organs, since the breasts are particularly sensitive, and occasionally painful just before and during menstrual periods. It seems a good guess, therefore, that the motor discharge, following stimulation of the breasts by the child's lips, finds its way to the internal genitals. It will be remembered that this type of motor discharge is to be regarded as evidence that the motor stimuli evoked are in submission to the motor self, and constitutes, therefore, an active inducement reaction. The child, in other words, is being controlled and held in alliance with the mother through stimulation of its lips with her breast. Perception of the child's need of nourishment evokes from the mother a passive submission response which consists of giving up all other activity which might conflict with feeding the child. The simultaneous compounding of these two responses evokes in the mother's central nervous system an integrative pattern of true captivation response. Observations of the general emotional expression of mothers during the nursing of their infants, as well as their verbal reports of introspection indicate that an extremely pleasant type of captivation emotion,

qualitatively distinct, can frequently be introspected by the mother herself.

At the same time there are two other groups of stimuli which the mother is reacting to by obvious motor responses. First, there are the stimuli arising from the child's weight, size, etc., which must be supported and placed in position by the mother in order to bring the child to a comfortable posture for feeding. Later in life, when the dominance of the child has developed to the point where it can sit at table and feed itself, the compliance response of the mother will be directed toward the food materials, instead of toward holding the child himself in position to eat. In both cases, however, the essential nature of the reaction seems to be the same. The mother is complying with certain objects or materials which, when complied with t are capable of satisfying the child's need (pD). Whether the mother holds the baby up to her breast, therefore, or whether she later cooks and prepares food materials for the child, she is performing an act of active compliance for the purpose of satisfying the inner need of the infant organism. This need, Hunger, is evidenced in the child's behaviour in various ways

such as crying, making restless movements or making facial grimaces indicating th$ unpleasantness it is experiencing. These stimuli inform the mother of the child's need. That is, they inform her of the hunger stimuli which are dominating the infant organism and causing unpleasantness in the baby's consciousness. By means of the compliance wftich the mother expresses toward the child's weight in holding it against her

breast, or preparing nourishment in a form which the child can easily dominate, the mother passively dominates the infant hunger pangs.

Thus she simultaneously experiences active compliance with the means of satisfying the pangs and passive dominance toward the hunger pangs themselves in the process of removing them. This combination of active compliance 9 and active dominance constitutes the compound emotion which we have designated as passive appetite or satisfaction. Mothers, while nursing or feeding their children frequently report a feeling of " intense gratification ", or great satisfaction in being able to provide satisfactorily for the child's need, and in observing in the child's behaviour, the cessation of unpleasantness which it previously had manifested.

Conscious Characteristics of Active Creation Emotion

The mother, therefore, while compelling the child to eat for its own good, and preparing both child and food in such a w^ff that the child's hunger is removed, experiences simultaneously active love and passive appetite. This complex emotion we have already designated active creation. Active creation emotion appears to possess a distinct type of consciousness, which can easily be distinguished, and is freely reported upon because it is considered socially admirable in every way. It is sometimes described as " taking vicarious pleasure in doing something for another person ", or as " gratification in having made him do what was good for him ". In the first of these characterizations of active creation, the emphasis appears to be in the satisfaction, or passive appetite emotion. In the last instance, the emphasis seems just as clearly to be placed upon captivation emotion. A considerable

list of popular terms and introspections in the subject's own words might be given, describing active creation emotion. All these terms and introspections will be found to include, to some degree, both captivation and satisfaction; and all

might be divided, roughly, into one of two classes according to the emphasis placed upon the active love element, or upon the passive appetite element.

Sex Differences in Active Creation Response

Active creati&n is an emotion, apparently, which " generous " men experience rather frequently, in bringing toys to their children, buying clothes for their wives and daughters, or bringing presents to their sweethearts. Active creation seems to be the preponderant emotional response. There appears to be, however, a more or less marked difference between active creation reported by mothers of comparatively young children, and active creation as experienced by adult males. The male experience of active creation contains, as a rule, a somewhat more passive love element than true captivation. Mothers whose behaviour I have observed, appeared to derive fully as much pleasure from expression of captivation emotion toward their daughters, especially, as from the satisfaction which they were enabled to give their children.

Males are apt to accept the wish, or demand of a woman or child at its face value, bringing to the loved one the particular thing demanded. Thus when the gift is presented, the chief joy of the giver lies, perhaps, in very extensive satisfac-

tion in the cost, or special virtue of the article presented. This emotion is frequently described as a feeling of " pride " in being able to " give my girl the best there is ". Thelove emotion element is more markedly submissive than inductive. It would frequently spoil the pleasure of the generous male altogether, if he felt he had persuaded the recipient of the gift to accept a different sort of thing from that which she originally desired, even though the change in choice might obviously suit her much more effectively. Thus the male reaction which comes nearest to being active creation is likely to exhibit a submissive element which is much more active than passive. The satisfaction increment, however, is apt to be so strong in this male emotion, that the love response portion does not clearly assume the aspect of passion emotion.

A mother, on the other hand, very frequently loses a considerable degree of her own pleasure in buying her daughter a dress if the daughter succeeds in selecting the frock spontaneously, without the mother's direction. If the youngster has heart set on a blue frock, however, and the mother, fully

confident that she is best able to judge what colours are becoming to the child, persuades the girl to accept a green costume, the mother appears to experience keen delight in having induced the daughter to take (dominate) the green dress as an expression of active submission to the mother.

Occasionally a male of peculiarly acute perceptions in matters feminine uses this ability to re-educate a girl's taste

in clothes, literature, and other esthetic matters. During this process, such a male may actually experience a very vivid and clear-cut type of active creation emotion. Since the subject is a male, his total response is still apt to contain more active submission than does the creation emotion of the average mother. For this very reason, such a rarely gifted male is likely to select the most appropriate ave'nues of expression for the girl's development, free from his own personal prejudices; whereas the mother, with a minimum of passive submission, may frequently substitute her own dominance for true love inducement, actually pleasing herself rather than looking out for the daughter's interests. In the main, however, males who undertake the development or education of daughters or sweethearts are either over-submissive, or selfishly dominant. In an instance of the latter sort, a young man attempted to compel the girl to whom he was engaged to learn to play the violin, simply because the boy himself was absorbed in musical interests. The music teacher to whom the girl was sent, after a few hectic attempts, refused to give her further instruction. The girl " couldn't tell one note from another ". Yet her fiance continued to insist that the girl's one means of salvation lay in learning to become an accomplished musician.

Passive Creation (aApL) Evoked From Child

The emotional responses of the child, on receiving nourishment and other appetitive benefits from the mother, have still to be considered. As previously mentioned, psychoanalysts have made much of the erotic emotion supposedly derived by the infant from stimulation of its lips with the nipple of the mother's breast. A number of writers who do not espouse psycho-analytical theories agree that the so-called

" sensitive ", or " erogenous " zone is by no means limited to the infant's genital organs, but also includes its lips and other portions of the body.

judging by adult behaviour and experiences, the lips do actually contain receptor organs for stimuli ultimately evoking all four types of primary emotional response. Certain types of nourishment, notably liquids, are partially dominated with the lips. Temperature, touch, and possibly taste stimulations of the lips may initiate reflexes tending toward increased salivary secretions, and abolishing of hunger pangs; that is, active compliance response to food. Tickling or kissing the lips may give rise, in both male and female, to erection of the external genital organs, which we have interpreted as an active submission response. Finally, use of the lips by a woman to arouse passion in a lover, may very possibly result in motor discharge to the woman's internal genital organs, which has Been construed as an active inducement response.

Which of these four types of primary emotional responses occur in an infant while nursing at the mother's breast is problematical, to say the least. I have heard of alleged observations of erection, in male children, which occurred, it was said, during stimulation of the child's lips by the nipple of the mother's breast. But it seems to me that some allowance must be made for the extraordinary enthusiasm of persons psycho-analytically inclined, regarding the matter of bringing to light love (" sex ") responses hidden to other eyes. I can only say that I have never succeeded in verifying the reports cited. In the absence of such finding, it seems im-

possible to assume with any confidence, that active submlosion response of this particular variety is elicited from the child by lip stimulation at the breast.

There are some other evidences of active submission, however, such as cuddling responses, and various vocal sounds, which may very possibly indicate some sort of submissive attitude toward the mother It is also true that the child is taught to respond by suckling at the breast with its lips, even though no hunger pangs may be motivating him at that particular moment. This probably represents a certain more or less mechanical type of submission integration in the child's nervous system. We may guess, as a result of these secondary behaviour symptoms, that there is some submission response concerned with the act of suckling at the mother's breast.

Dominance response would seem more definite and easily observable, however, during this infant reaction. When the infant's lips are first taught to react, as is frequently necessary,

by pressing a finger against them until they begin to contract, the tonic reinforcement Q lips and jaw musculature can easily be detected. It would seem evident that the child is reacting to an opposition stimulus, pressed antagonistically, though with comparative gentleness, into its mouth, by increasing its motor self to dominate the stimulus in a mamler appropriate to the portion of the body stimulated, that is to say, the mouth. When milk has actually been drawn into the mouth

by this dominance reaction, there ensue certain gulping and voluntary swallowing reactions which are clearly of a dominant nature. It would seem probable, therefore, that the infant organism experiences a rather emphatic variety of dominance reaction in taking the food from the proffered breast, simultaneously with a simpler and less marked degree of' submission response toward the mother.

The passive compliance with hunger pangs, occurring prior to and during the act of nursing, needs no especial comment, since presumably this passive compliance response closely resembles that of an adult who is forced to give up all other business during his quest for food. Passive inducement expressed toward the mother by the infant's holding up its lips to be stimulated with food, and by its various behaviour expressions of helpless solicitation of whatever the mother may choose to give it, like the active submission element involved in taking the breast between the lips, seems somewhat problematical so far as the infant is concerned. The variety of inducement by which a healthy child does actually attract the mother's attention is crying and screaming.

Appetitive Elements Predominate in Child's Responses to Mother

These types of behaviour, no doubt, represent dominance responses on the child's part. It would seem, therefore, that both the love elements requisite to distinct passion emotion are of such minimal occurrence in the infant consciousness, as to merit little weight in comparison to the appetitive elements composing active desire for food. Moreover, passive appetite

also gives every evidence of controlling the infant's total consciousness, after the swallowing of milk begins to abolish his hunger pangs. If facial expressions and general relaxation of body tension give any indication of what is going on within the infant organism, a great deal of satisfaction emotion

is felt by the infant as his hunger pangs are quelled. It would seem that this appetitive satisfaction has little, if any, connection with emotional responses toward the mother. A common sense view of the matter, therefore, based upon the infant's behaviour without, of course, any available infantile introspection, would suppose that the infant while feeding is chiefly concerned with appetite emotion, experiencing, perhaps, a slight admixture of passion response toward the mother.

As the child grows older, and its dominance behaviour becomes more varied as well as more active, a type of situation begins to arise, much more frequently, in which the child experiences desire for some plaything or sweetmeat which it is impossible to obtain without the mother's consent and cooperation. Moreover, when the toy or other object is attained, the child begins to dominate it actively, thus continuing to express desire response rather than relaxing into such placid satisfaction emotion as that manifested by the feeding infant.

Although it is the average adult's chronic point of view that appetitive desire is the primary need of human behaviour, with love and submission used largely as a means to obtain

the object of desire, it seems to me still an open question as to whether the child learns submission to the mother through desire for objects which the mother alone can give, or whether the normal child develops submission response as an intrinsically pleasant method of behaviour scuffiiently powerful to cutk and control dominant desire. So many mothers employ the method of teaching the child obedience by bestowing appetitive rewards for obedient conduct that it seems to me quite likely this use of obedience or submission to serve desire has its origin in the method of training rather than in the natural unfoldment of the child's own responses. Certain it is that submission, once learned as an appetitive technique, is not worth very much to the mother, even as a method for temporarily keeping the child quiet and out of the parent's way. The child who learns submission for its own sake does not continually return to the parent to inquire whether or not the submission period has been long enough to merit the promised reward.

Moreover, from the child's own point of view, the child who learns to enjoy submission for its own sake attains a double pleasantness in receiving an object of desire given it by ife

mother. I have observed a number of cases of the relationship between child and motlier which give considerable evidence that a passion response is evoked from the child by the mother, with desire emotion very clearly subsidiary to and frequently

compounded with the passion response. The very common type ef child response which consists of begging the mother to be allowed to help her in household tasks, or to go out into the garden and pick her favourite fruit or berries, and bring them in to her, appears to represent the normal blending of passion response and desire emotion, with passion for the mother distinctly in control of the reaction. Were desire the predominating element, the child might beg to paint the house, or to pick his own favourite kind of fruit, permitting the mother to share these objects of desire as a mere incident to the total response. This type of reaction is frequently seen in the behaviour of adolescent boys whose appetite development has begun definitely to predominate over their love response. But in normal children of both sexes prior to adolescence, it would appear that desire to obtain an appetitive object as an expression of passion emotion for the mother comprises the normal attitude on the child's part toward the parent. This simultaneous compounding of desire emotion and passion response, with desire adapted to passion may be termed passive creation emotion. (aApL).

+?.f others Evoke Passive Creation From Daughters

Girls, during the adolescent period, frequently develop an exaggerated passive creation emotion for their mothers. This attitude on the part of the girl appears to give a mother whose attention is not predominantly occupied with other pursuits, the most concentratedly pleasant experience of her entire life. Full play is given to the older woman's preponderant captivation response, and if the family means are sufficient,

the mother also obtains enormous satisfaction in dressing the child prettily, and training her in the technique of social conduct (the female's appetitive battle ground). In fact, the active creation which the mother is able to express toward her exaggeratedly passionate daughter, during this period, frequently yields such consummate pleasure to the mother that she is unwilling to relinquish this relationship with the girl at a subsequent period, when it is necessary for the girl to begin to live her own life free from the mother's control.

The habits of emotional bondage which the girl may have formed during her phase of concentrated passive creation emotion are likely to persist throughout a major portion of the daughter's life if they are not boldly broken by the girl herself upon the completion of adolescence.

I have had two cases, in clinic, of college girls who were still under this type of maternal constraint, with very great detriment to the girls in question. In one instance, the mother undoubtedly realized that her period of maximally efficient active creation emotion toward the girl was over, yet clung to her control over the daughter as a frankly selfish pleasure to herself.

In the other case, the mother seemed not to realize that she had passed the limit of her own ability to actively create further development in her child. When induced squarely to face this fact, the mother's creative attitude did not pass

over into appetite, but compelled her to release the daughter from the emotional control no longer helpful to the girl's mature development. This mother showed true love, and by this very action renewed her love relationship with the girl, the mother now assuming a more passive role, and the girl a more active one.

The personnel officer of one of the largest corporations in America, who has spent twenty-five years or more in making a sympathetic, yet eminently clear-headed study of the needs and personalities of employees ranging from $40,000 a year sales managers to unskilled girl clerks barely of legal age, informed me, in personal conversation, that one of his most pressing problems with respect to women employees is this very relationship of complete emotional control exercised by mothers over their daughters. In several instances, women over fifty years of age are still heH rigidly confined to the needs and commands of a querulous, and perhaps thoroughly incompetent mother, who originally gained control over her daughter through the extraordinarily intense creation relationship consummated during the daughter's adolescence. Such cases seem to present evidence of the tremendous emotional strength of active creation response on the mother's part, and of the strength of the original passive creation emotion experienced by the daughter. These cases serve, also, to point the danger of continuing this creation emotion relationship, after the mother has ceased to

be able to further her Daughter's development or well being in any way. From this point on, the relationship maintained

by habit and force of social custom and law inevitably develops into appetitive dominance on the mother's part, and indifferent or unpleasant compliance on the part of the daughter.

Artistic Creation Expresses Passive Creation Emotion

Perhaps the most important expression of passive creation in adult life is that of artistic production. Observation of a considerable number of artists, together with analysis of their introspection and other verbal responses, has led me to conclude that the popular term " passion for art " is an apt description of the complex emotional response which motivates artists who are capable of producing true art. Too great an admixture of active creation emotion in male artists, at least, seems usually to result in substitution of dominance for inducement. " Freak " art, or perverted, destructive art, of any sort, is inevitably produced in consequence of this controlling dominance emotion. Perhaps it is too sweeping a statement to say that all great works of art have been produced as an expression of passion response to some woman, real or imagined who has strongly captivated the artist. But I can say that in all the cases where I have had opportunity personally to observe and to anajjjse male artists' emotional responses, I have been able to establish beyond reasonable doubt that passion for a woman or women (sometimes imaginary women) is the sine qua non of artistic creation.

Varying degrees of dominance and compliance may appear in the active appetite or desire which impels the artist to gather his materials, and to dominate them successfully in the form desired. Some indubitably great artists are extremely dominant, scorning any considerable amount of compliance preparation for the work to be produced. The

results of such artists appear to be bold and strongly compelling. Sarah Bernhardt, Cyril Scott, Leo Ornstein, and other artists who have always insisted upon creating a new vogue in their particular field of art rather than complying with the concept of character portrayal or harmonics conventionally espoused by their predecessors, probably exemplify this strongly dominant type. At the other extreme we find artists who possess an enormous amount of

in the appetitive portion of their artistic response, producing as a result very great delicacy and Subtlety of artistic creation. Such artists, also, are apt to comply with the current technique and conventions in their own particular field of art.

But whichever type of dominance-compliance emphasis may obtain in the appetitive portion of the artist's emotion, strong passion expressed toward the model or imagined captivatress who is regarded, perhaps " subconsciously ", as dictating an ideal pattern, would seem to control the entire creation responses of all true artists from first to last. In landscape painting, or lyric poetry, this passion for captivating women, real or imagined, is less obvious than in sculptures made from nude models, and poetry directly dedicated to the feminine object of adoration. It is my suggestion, however, that artistic portrayals of " nature " represent a certain type of transfer of the passion response, from a human or idealized woman to the beautiful or harmoniously powerful aspects of inanimate objects and forces. The verbal responses

of artists of this type give considerable evidence of a sort of animistic attitude toward " mother nature ", or " nature the beautiful " which lead one to believe that the artists' response toward nature is one of active submission rather than an attitude of aesthetic compliance. In the case of artists like Edgar Allen Poe, the controlling element of the creative emotional pattern which enabled him to wnfe a lyric poem of unsurpassed beauty such as " Bells ", seems clearly revealed by this man's other poems, directly revealing passion for beautiful women. In his " Philosophy of Composition ", Poe maintains that the beauty of women is incomparable, the death of a beloved and beautiful woman the supreme loss, " and the most poetical topic in the world ". And this from a lyric poet 1 " With me ", says Poe, " poetry has been not a purpose, but a passion "- 1

It seems a notable fact, also, that a large majority of creative artists prior to the present age have been men. True passion, as we have already noted, is the type of love response for which the male organism is pre-eminently fitted. Any passive creation is, therefore, the type of emotional creation response which might be expected to predominate in the spontaneous behaviour of male artists. We have also observed, however,

I Preface tq the Poe Collection of 1845, signed " E.A.P."

that the human female organism possesses a double physiological love endowment, capable of building up both active and passive love emotion patterns. While a majority of women

might be expected, therefore, to devote themselves to captivation emotion, for which woman alone possesses an adequate mechanism, the female passion response when^ and if devoted to artistic creation might be expected to prove itself unusually potent, and delicate in its form of expression. Such seems to have been the result in the cases of those well known women artists whose work is directly comparable with that of male artists. One might mention, in this connection, the works of Sappho, Le Brune, Laurence Hope, George Sand, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Christina Rossetti. Woman's passion, when expressed in artistic creation, frequently, appears to contain a much larger proportion of pure passion element than is the case with the majority of male artists. The writings of Sappho and Laurence Hope serve to illustrate this point. In general, creative artists of both sexes seem motivated by desire adapted to passion, or passive creation emotion.

Active Creation Motivates Physicians, Teachers, Clergymen

The most important expressions of active creation in adult life would appear to be of the type represented by the professions of the teacher, physician, and clergyman. The latter is by far the most frank and thorough-going attempt to express CQiajDined captivation emotion and passive appetite response. The theorv of priesthood, in nearly all religions and civilizations, has consisted of active supervision by the priest over the behaviour of the people with resultant duty on the priest's part to supply spiritual or physical sustenance, or both, to meet the needs of the persons submitting to him. This appears to be the essence of active creation response. Under the political theories of church and state which obtained in Europe

throughout the early middle ages, the head of the priesthood exercised appetitive as well as love control over the conduct of human kind. Though the appetitive control of the priesthood over the lay citizenry has been theoretically abolished, there still remains a considerable amount of appetitive power residuent in the supposed male love leaders of the people, though this power must now be exercised through control of social customs and conventions. It is not profitable to attempt to discover to what degree it is possible for a male in

a position of leadership of this priestly type, to exercise a true love captivation response over other males, and over women who place themselves under his power and control.

In the case of male leaders in politics, and industry, as we have already noted, the amount of true active love response likely to be exorcised, spontaneously, toward employees or underlings, is comparatively slight. Dominance and appetite creep in and control the intended love response, despite the best intentions of the male leader, for dominant appetitive emotion "is the nature of the animal". Perhaps this is otherwise in the case of male church leaders. I have not ventured to make any personal investigation of their emotional patterns of behaviour. In the case of male teachers and physicians, bowever, the active creation results most helpful to their students and patients are most often obtained when the person submitting to instruction or medical treatment chances to satisly the appetitive interests of the male teacher, or doctor to a considerable degree. A maximum amount of attention is apt to be paid to persons who can be taught or

healed without any unusually altruistic alteration of attitude becoming necessary on the part of the male who is attempting to play the r6le of active creation. I have personally analysed many cases, however, in which a male teacher or physician reacted to another's need with a creative response undoubtedly controlled, in the main, by its love element, though this love element could scarcely be called captivation emotion. Ajj,in the cases before mentioned, where male lovers or parents gave gifts to their loved ones, so in the love controlled behaviour of men physicians and teachers, active submission to the existing needs and desires of the stimulus person appear largely to replace the active inducement to change the stimulus person's desires or conduct, which is so characteristic of the love behaviour of a mother toward her daughter, or of a woman captivatress toward her lover. In the main, I have encountered no evidence which leads me to believe that any but the most peculiarly gifted male is psycho-physiologically capable of sustaining an attitude of true love captivation for any length of time, toward persons of either sex.

Summary

Love and appetite are found combined, simultaneously, in a complex emotional response, termed creation emotion.

This emotion expresses itself in a mother's responses toward

the child to whom she gives birth, and for whose nourishment and protection she later provides. The mother's response is active creation, consisting of captivation emotion toward the child, simultaneously compounded with satisfaction emotion expressed toward the satisfaction of the child's needs. In the child's responses toward the mother, during this same relationship, the child's response is passive creation consisting of passion response toward the mother simultaneously compounded with active appetite toward the food, or other appetitive benefit in the mother's possession.

During active creation each of the appetitive primary emotional elements is adapted to and used for the consummation of a corresponding primary element of the love emotion. In the mother's response of active creation she complies actively with the food materials, in order to actively induce the child to dominate the materials. The mother passively dominates influences inimical to the child's welfare, in order to passively submit to the child's needs rather than her own.

In the child's response of passive creation, the individual reaction elements are arranged in the same way, each separate appetitive element being adapted to and used for the consummation of a corresponding love element. The child passively complies with its hunger pangs or other need by giving up all other pleasurable occupations, in order passively traduce the mother to give her attention to the child. The child then obeys or actively submits to the mother, by dominating whatever food she directs.

The natural physical relationship between mother and child seems to furnish a training mechanism and pattern for the type of integration compbsing creative emotion just as the

bodily mechanisms of hunger and menstruation furnish training mechanisms and patterns for appetite and love respectively.

Active creation emotion appears to reach a height of extreme intensity and pleasantness in the normal love behaviour of a mother toward her adolescent daughter, while passive creation may reach a similar degree of pleasantness and extensity in the relationship of the daughter to the mother at this period.

True artistic creation seems to represent one of the most important expressions of passive creation during adult life. The artist, whether male or female, being motivated by desire

to dominate his materials in such a way as to produce a work of art consummating most perfectly his passion response to a captivating woman, real or imagined.

Professions like that of the clergyman, the teacher, or the physician, seem to represent important adult expressions of active creative, emotion. Males who essay the career of teacher or physician are seldom able because of their bodily limitations and training, to maintain pure active love response, with true captivation emotion toward their students or patients. They are apt, on the one hand, to exchange inducement for dominance, and to use those who submit to them for their own purposes, or, on the other hand, to substitute active submission for inducement in the love portion of their creative responses, apd thus approximate the type of passive love

response which male parents and lovers frequently manifest in giving gifts to children or loved ones. Women teachers, whose pupils are of appropriate age, may, like mothers, express true active creation toward their pupils; and it would seem possible that women physicians also might express true active creation in their professional relationships at least, toward other women and children.